The MAC is composed of the complement components C5b, C6, C7, C8 and several C9 molecules. A number of proteins participate in the assembly of the MAC. Freshly activated C5b binds to C6 to form a C5b-6 complex, then to C7 forming the C5b-6-7 complex. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the major pathologic nontuberculous mycobacteria causing lung disease (LD) in humans worldwide. Although the burden of MAC-LD has increased over the past two decades, treatment remains difficult because of intolerance of long-term antibiotics, lack of adherence to guidelines, and disease recurrence. Trampoline Play Area Castle Rock's newest recreational facility, the MAC - located at the 300-acre Philip S.
Untreated patients with a nodular bronchiectatic form of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) suffer long deterioration in the long run despite their lack of symptoms, a new Korean study shows.
This suggests that patients with MAC lung disease should be better monitored to avoid irreversible lung damage.
The study, 'Natural course of the nodular bronchiectatic form of Mycobacterium Avium complex lung disease: Long-term radiologic change without treatment,' appeared in the journal PLOS One.
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic and environmental pathogens. MAC is the most common NTM species, with the prevalence of NTM infection increasing in recent years from 1.4 to 6.6 per 100,000 people.
NTM infections mostly strike people with lung illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia and alpha-1-antitrypsin disease. Individuals with no known lung disease can also be infected with these mycobacteria, in which case MAC infection could also cause bronchiectasis.
MAC lung diseases are mainly of two clinical forms: a fibrocavitary form and a nodular bronchiectatic (BE) form. This study focused on the nodular BE form.
The BE form usually occurs in middle-aged non-smoking women and tends to progress slowly over time. Most MAC patients start treatment when symptoms are more pronounced. When the infection becomes chronic, patients need ongoing treatment.
Hatsune miku anime series. This study aimed to evaluate long-term radiologic changes in untreated MAC lung disease. Researchers analyzed serial chest computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with slow progressing nodular BE who had gone without treatment for at least four years.
Researchers examined patients treated at Seoul's Chung-Ang University Hospital between 2005 and 2012. From the initial group of 104 patients with MAC lung disease, the study included 40 with non-treated nodular BE, with at least four-year interval chest CT scans. Among these patients, 82.5 percent were woman. After four years of follow-up, 15 of these 50 had to undergo treatment.
The authors evaluated each lung lobe on five major parenchymal abnormalities. The lung parenchyma is the functional part of the lung, including the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles.
The authors observed that 33 patients (82.5%) had increased CT scores for bronchiectasis, 28 patients (70.0%) for cellular bronchiolitis, 24 patients (60.0%) for cavities, 27 patients (67.5%) for consolidation, and 16 patients (40%) for nodules. Furthermore, disease progression was strongly associated with bronchiectasis and cavity features.
More importantly, 97.5 percent experienced a significant increase in CT score for all five parenchymal abnormalities during the study follow-up. Only one patient had no change in CT score.
The authors recognize that their study has several limitations such as small number of patients and a retrospective design — and that only initial and final CT data were analyzed.
'Despite these limitations, this study describes the long-term outcome of untreated MAC lung disease in stationary group,' the team wrote.
The results of this study showed that in these patients, even 'minimal symptoms also lead to radiologic deterioration on chest CT during long-term follow-up period.' Because 'simple chest PA could not detect bronchiectasis and small cavitary lesion,' the authors wrote that 'careful CT monitoring with appropriate interval might be beneficial' for patients with minimal symptoms.
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| Mycobacterium avium complex |
|---|
| Scientific classification |
| Domain: |
| Phylum: |
| Order: |
| Suborder: |
| Family: |
| Genus: |
| Species complex: |
| Binomial name |
| Mycobacterium intracellulare Runyon 1965,[1] ATCC 13950 |
| Mycobacterium avium |
Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of mycobacteria comprising Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium that are commonly grouped because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria. These bacteria cause disease in humans called Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection or Mycobacterium avium complex infection.[2] These bacteria are common and are found in fresh and salt water, in household dust and in soil.[3] MAC bacteria only cause infection in those who are immunocompromised or those with severe lung disease.
Description[edit]
In the Runyon classification, both bacteria are nonchromogens. They can be differentiated from M. tuberculosis and each other by commercially available DNA probes.[4]:245
They are characterized as Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast, short to long rods.
Colony characteristics
What Is Mac Infection Of The Lungs
- Usually, colonies are smooth, rarely rough, and not pigmented colonies. Older colonies may become yellow.
Physiology
- Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium and Middlebrook 7H10 agar occurs at 37°C after seven or more days.
- The complex can be (but is not often) resistant to isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and streptomycin.[5]
Differential characteristics
- M. intracellulare and M. avium form the M. avium complex (MAC).
- Remarkable ITS heterogeneity is seen within different M. intracellulare isolates.
Type strains[edit]
M. intracellulare type strains include ATCC 13950, CCUG 28005, CIP 104243, DSM 43223, JCM 6384, and NCTC 13025.[6]
M. avium type strains include ATCC 25291, DSM 44156, and TMC 724.[7]
Human health[edit]
MAC bacteria enter most people's body when inhaled into the lungs or swallowed, but only cause infection in those who are immunocompromised or who have severe lung disease such as those with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).[3]MAC infection can cause COPD and lymphadenitis, and can cause disseminated disease, especially in people with immunodeficiency.[4]:245
How Do You Get Mycobacterium Avium
History[edit]
In 2004, Tortoli et al. proposed the name M. chimaera for strains that a reverse hybridization–based line probe assay suggested belonged to MAIS (M. avium–M. intracellulare–M. scrofulaceum group), but were different from M. avium, M. intracellulare, or M. scrofulaceum. The new species name comes from the Chimera, a mythological being made up of parts of three different animals.[8][9]
References[edit]
- ^Runyon, E. 1965. Pathogenic mycobacteria. Advances in Tuberculosis Research, 14, 235-287.
- ^'Mycobacterium Avium Complex. MAI; MAC Information'. Patient Info. 29 August 2014.
- ^ ab'Mycobacterium Avium Complex infections | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program'. rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ abJones-Lopez, Edward C.; Ellner, Jerrold J. (2011). 'Chapter 35: Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacterial Infections'. In Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F. (eds.). Tropical infectious diseases : principles, pathogens, & practice (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. ISBN9780702039355.
- ^Haworth CS, Banks J, Capstick T, Fisher AJ, Gorsuch T, Laurenson IF, Leitch A, Loebinger MR, Milburn HJ, Nightingale M, Ormerod P, Shingadia D, Smith D, Whitehead N, Wilson R, Floto RA (November 2017). 'British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD)'. Thorax. 72 (Suppl 2): ii1–ii64. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210927. PMID29054853.
- ^Type strain of Mycobacterium intracellulare at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
- ^Type strain of Mycobacterium avium at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
- ^Henry, Ronnie (March 2017). 'Etymologia: Mycobacterium chimaera'. Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (3): 499. doi:10.3201/eid2303.ET2303. PMC5382748.
Citing public domain text from the CDC.
- ^Tortoli, E; Rindi, L; Garcia, MJ; Chiaradonna, P; Dei, R; Garzelli, C; Kroppenstedt, RM; Lari, N; Mattei, R; Mariottini, A; Mazzarelli, G; Murcia, MI; Nanetti, A; Piccoli, P; Scarparo, C (July 2004). 'Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov'. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (Pt 4): 1277–85. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02777-0. PMID15280303.
External links[edit]
- Mycobacterium avium Complex at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Untreated patients with a nodular bronchiectatic form of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) suffer long deterioration in the long run despite their lack of symptoms, a new Korean study shows.
This suggests that patients with MAC lung disease should be better monitored to avoid irreversible lung damage.
The study, 'Natural course of the nodular bronchiectatic form of Mycobacterium Avium complex lung disease: Long-term radiologic change without treatment,' appeared in the journal PLOS One.
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic and environmental pathogens. MAC is the most common NTM species, with the prevalence of NTM infection increasing in recent years from 1.4 to 6.6 per 100,000 people.
NTM infections mostly strike people with lung illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia and alpha-1-antitrypsin disease. Individuals with no known lung disease can also be infected with these mycobacteria, in which case MAC infection could also cause bronchiectasis.
MAC lung diseases are mainly of two clinical forms: a fibrocavitary form and a nodular bronchiectatic (BE) form. This study focused on the nodular BE form.
The BE form usually occurs in middle-aged non-smoking women and tends to progress slowly over time. Most MAC patients start treatment when symptoms are more pronounced. When the infection becomes chronic, patients need ongoing treatment.
Hatsune miku anime series. This study aimed to evaluate long-term radiologic changes in untreated MAC lung disease. Researchers analyzed serial chest computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with slow progressing nodular BE who had gone without treatment for at least four years.
Researchers examined patients treated at Seoul's Chung-Ang University Hospital between 2005 and 2012. From the initial group of 104 patients with MAC lung disease, the study included 40 with non-treated nodular BE, with at least four-year interval chest CT scans. Among these patients, 82.5 percent were woman. After four years of follow-up, 15 of these 50 had to undergo treatment.
The authors evaluated each lung lobe on five major parenchymal abnormalities. The lung parenchyma is the functional part of the lung, including the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles.
The authors observed that 33 patients (82.5%) had increased CT scores for bronchiectasis, 28 patients (70.0%) for cellular bronchiolitis, 24 patients (60.0%) for cavities, 27 patients (67.5%) for consolidation, and 16 patients (40%) for nodules. Furthermore, disease progression was strongly associated with bronchiectasis and cavity features.
More importantly, 97.5 percent experienced a significant increase in CT score for all five parenchymal abnormalities during the study follow-up. Only one patient had no change in CT score.
The authors recognize that their study has several limitations such as small number of patients and a retrospective design — and that only initial and final CT data were analyzed.
'Despite these limitations, this study describes the long-term outcome of untreated MAC lung disease in stationary group,' the team wrote.
The results of this study showed that in these patients, even 'minimal symptoms also lead to radiologic deterioration on chest CT during long-term follow-up period.' Because 'simple chest PA could not detect bronchiectasis and small cavitary lesion,' the authors wrote that 'careful CT monitoring with appropriate interval might be beneficial' for patients with minimal symptoms.
How useful was this post?
Click on a star to rate it!
Average rating 4.3 / 5. Vote count: 38
No votes so far! Be the first to rate this post.
We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!
Let us improve this post!
Iratus: wrath of the necromancer cracked. Tell us how we can improve this post?
| Mycobacterium avium complex |
|---|
| Scientific classification |
| Domain: |
| Phylum: |
| Order: |
| Suborder: |
| Family: |
| Genus: |
| Species complex: |
| Binomial name |
| Mycobacterium intracellulare Runyon 1965,[1] ATCC 13950 |
| Mycobacterium avium |
Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of mycobacteria comprising Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium that are commonly grouped because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria. These bacteria cause disease in humans called Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection or Mycobacterium avium complex infection.[2] These bacteria are common and are found in fresh and salt water, in household dust and in soil.[3] MAC bacteria only cause infection in those who are immunocompromised or those with severe lung disease.
Description[edit]
In the Runyon classification, both bacteria are nonchromogens. They can be differentiated from M. tuberculosis and each other by commercially available DNA probes.[4]:245
They are characterized as Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast, short to long rods.
Colony characteristics
What Is Mac Infection Of The Lungs
- Usually, colonies are smooth, rarely rough, and not pigmented colonies. Older colonies may become yellow.
Physiology
- Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium and Middlebrook 7H10 agar occurs at 37°C after seven or more days.
- The complex can be (but is not often) resistant to isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and streptomycin.[5]
Differential characteristics
- M. intracellulare and M. avium form the M. avium complex (MAC).
- Remarkable ITS heterogeneity is seen within different M. intracellulare isolates.
Type strains[edit]
M. intracellulare type strains include ATCC 13950, CCUG 28005, CIP 104243, DSM 43223, JCM 6384, and NCTC 13025.[6]
M. avium type strains include ATCC 25291, DSM 44156, and TMC 724.[7]
Human health[edit]
MAC bacteria enter most people's body when inhaled into the lungs or swallowed, but only cause infection in those who are immunocompromised or who have severe lung disease such as those with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).[3]MAC infection can cause COPD and lymphadenitis, and can cause disseminated disease, especially in people with immunodeficiency.[4]:245
How Do You Get Mycobacterium Avium
History[edit]
In 2004, Tortoli et al. proposed the name M. chimaera for strains that a reverse hybridization–based line probe assay suggested belonged to MAIS (M. avium–M. intracellulare–M. scrofulaceum group), but were different from M. avium, M. intracellulare, or M. scrofulaceum. The new species name comes from the Chimera, a mythological being made up of parts of three different animals.[8][9]
References[edit]
- ^Runyon, E. 1965. Pathogenic mycobacteria. Advances in Tuberculosis Research, 14, 235-287.
- ^'Mycobacterium Avium Complex. MAI; MAC Information'. Patient Info. 29 August 2014.
- ^ ab'Mycobacterium Avium Complex infections | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program'. rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ abJones-Lopez, Edward C.; Ellner, Jerrold J. (2011). 'Chapter 35: Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacterial Infections'. In Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F. (eds.). Tropical infectious diseases : principles, pathogens, & practice (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. ISBN9780702039355.
- ^Haworth CS, Banks J, Capstick T, Fisher AJ, Gorsuch T, Laurenson IF, Leitch A, Loebinger MR, Milburn HJ, Nightingale M, Ormerod P, Shingadia D, Smith D, Whitehead N, Wilson R, Floto RA (November 2017). 'British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD)'. Thorax. 72 (Suppl 2): ii1–ii64. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210927. PMID29054853.
- ^Type strain of Mycobacterium intracellulare at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
- ^Type strain of Mycobacterium avium at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
- ^Henry, Ronnie (March 2017). 'Etymologia: Mycobacterium chimaera'. Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (3): 499. doi:10.3201/eid2303.ET2303. PMC5382748.
Citing public domain text from the CDC.
- ^Tortoli, E; Rindi, L; Garcia, MJ; Chiaradonna, P; Dei, R; Garzelli, C; Kroppenstedt, RM; Lari, N; Mattei, R; Mariottini, A; Mazzarelli, G; Murcia, MI; Nanetti, A; Piccoli, P; Scarparo, C (July 2004). 'Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov'. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (Pt 4): 1277–85. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02777-0. PMID15280303.
External links[edit]
- Mycobacterium avium Complex at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Micro Avium Bacteria Complex
